Frames are understood here as means – structures, forms and schemes that influence individuals’ interpretations of issues, facts, groups and ideas and ‘determine’ the choices people make. The analysis of internet content allows the reconstruction of propaganda objectives and of frames in which to portray current and past events. Even if these actions are called preventive measures and responses to “information aggression” by the West, they reflect a doctrine aimed at developing a favourable image of Russia abroad. Long before the conflict in Ukraine, internet and news outlets were used to disseminate disinformation that aimed to mould Western public opinion in favour of the pro-Russia narrative. Consequently, war in the internet has become a permanent front in the information war – it is waged not only in times of military interaction, but also in times of peace, as an element of state information policy.
The information warfare conducted around Russia’s annexation of Crimea continues to this day, in both traditional and new media spaces. The effectiveness of influence on the internet were also analysed, particularly in mobilizing internet users to engage in communication. The subject of analysis is the framing of how the Ukraine–Russia conflict played out in internet portals ( DELFI,, , and ) and social media ( Facebook, Vkontakte) in the period from 1 April to 31 December 2014. Textual and visual analyses reveal the tools and methods used by pro-Kremlin commentators to build representations of Crimea’s annexation and the Ukrainian-Russia conflict. The aim of the project is to describe and reconstruct the information campaign carried out by Russia and pro-Russian activists in the internet and to reconstruct representations and frames of the Ukrainian-Russian conflict emerging from internet commentary sections and social media posts.
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